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While the status European citizen remains within the nationality laws of Member States, for those considered as long-term resident third country nationals the linking factor is, however, the length of residence. The Council Directive 2003/109/EC of November 2003 has officially recognized and covered the legal status of those non-EU nationals having resided for a long period of time in the territory of a Member State. This work package addresses this tension and the vulnerabilities inherent to the differentiation emanating from using ‘nationality’ or ‘residence’ as the linking factors determining and giving access to acts of citizenship in the European Union.