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This work package examines enacting citizenship through the formal mechanisms in a selection of member states on deprivation of citizenship. It focuses on the changes in capacity to enact citizenship inherent in state actions depriving individuals of citizenship, which have occurred over the past five years. It compares both legal responsibilities and political obligations of states regarding the enactment of citizenship by their nationals in EU and international law and practice and analyses the meaning of state practices of deprivation of citizenship in the context of belonging and difference.